Sea muddies path to ASEAN union

August 2, 2012
 By Neil Chatterjee, Reuters

JAKARTA -- Discord in Southeast Asia over how to deal with Beijing's claims in the South China Sea comes as the region struggles to overcome competing national interests and form a European Union-style economic community by 2015. 

Political leaders and officials say the row may not directly affect plans by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for the economic integration of countries ranging from wealthy Singapore to impoverished Myanmar.

But what doesn't help is China's growing investment in the bloc's poorer members, which critics say gives it influence that it has effectively used to block a unified ASEAN stance in the South China Sea dispute. The South China Sea, which stretches from China to Indonesia and from Vietnam to the Philippines, lies atop what are believed to be rich reserves of oil and gas.

“It's not going to hold progress (on integration) hostage,” ASEAN Secretary-General Surin Pitsuwan told diplomats in Jakarta, referring to a recent meeting in Cambodia, where rifts over the South China Sea prevented the group's foreign ministers from issuing a communique for the first time in its history.
“It is an early warning sign ... this will not be the last.”

Southeast Asia is a hot destination for investors seeking returns that are drying up in Europe, still to recover in the United States and slowing in the rest of Asia.

Estimated net flows into offshore ASEAN funds stood at US$1.4 billion in 2012 through June, according to data reported until July 10. By comparison, China and India offshore funds saw net outflows worth US$1.6 billion and US$185 million respectively.

Investors have high hopes for plans by the 10-member ASEAN for a single market and production base for a combined economy of US$2 trillion, with free movement of goods, services, investment and skilled labor among 600 million people.


Since only some elements of the economic plan will be in place by 2015, such as zero tariffs, more developed members may have to push on with integration in a two-tier model, just as the European Union did, leaving the others at risk of missing out on regional investment. 

ASEAN's older and more developed members are Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia and Brunei. Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar joined later.

China is already the top investor in Cambodia and Myanmar and is catching up with investment by Europe, Japan and the United States in the region overall.

At the Phnom Penh meeting of foreign ministers, some diplomats said Cambodia blocked the South China Sea dispute being put on the agenda at China's behest. Cambodian diplomats in turn accused the Philippines and Vietnam of trying to hijack the meeting.

China has maintained it wants to deal with the issue bilaterally.

The Philippines has said it deplored ASEAN's failure to address the row and criticized Cambodia for its handling of the issue.

Cambodia had GDP per capita of US$900 in 2011 and foreign direct investment (FDI) of US$800 million in 2010, according to World Bank figures. That compares to Singapore's US$46,241 per capita and US$39 billion in FDI.

The China Daily has said Beijing's investment in Cambodia from 1994 until 2011 was US$8.8 billion.
Even without the economic and political differences, a lack of capacity among some of ASEAN's members is making it hard to implement economic agreements.

The Philippines struggles to send officials to meetings sometimes and can be slow making decisions, insiders say, and may even risk falling into the weaker group of Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Myanmar. These four are already being given more time to fully reduce tariffs.

The bloc's ASEAN Minus X mechanism allows “flexible” implementation of commitments, by enabling members to opt out of economic schemes if they are not ready.  

This has already been used. Singapore and Laos are the only members pushing ahead with an agreement on education services. Six countries including Vietnam signed an agreement to link their stock markets by the end of 2011, to spur electronic cross-border trading, but only Singapore and Malaysia are implementing it.
The South China Sea spat also shows the problems ASEAN has resolving major disputes. Unlike the European Union, an inspiration if not a model, ASEAN lacks elected members of a central parliament, a powerful executive body or a regional court to make law and enforce its will.

Instead, it has the Jakarta-based ASEAN Secretariat, a body with little clout.
“Without a strong central mechanism it is very difficult to coordinate and survey all the issues that could become big issues,” said Surin.

The bloc will face further challenges as it tries to standardize customs procedures and open up protected industries such as financial services to competition from within. It has implemented free transfer of profits and dividends but needs to remove further barriers to intra-regional investment flows.

“They are behind schedule (on the economic community) and clearly not going to make it ... they are not going to see much action on services,” said Hal Hill, professor of Southeast Asian economies at the Australian National University.
And China's expanding influence looms large.

“The Phnom Penh meetings in July were significant not just because China sought to divide ASEAN by leaning on Cambodia, but because China was happy to do so, so brazenly,” said Bryony Lau, a researcher on the South China Sea for the International Crisis Group think tank in Jakarta.